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Journal of Bacteriology, April 2006, p. 2421-2426, Vol. 188, No. 7
0021-9193/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JB.188.7.2421-2426.2006
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Influence of Culture Heterogeneity in Cell Surface Charge on Adhesion and Biofilm Formation by Enterococcus faecalis

Annet E. J. van Merode, Henny C. van der Mei, Henk J. Busscher, and Bastiaan P. Krom*

Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands

Received 20 October 2005/ Accepted 15 December 2005

Biofilm formation is an increasing problem in medicine, due to the intrinsic resistance of microorganisms in the biofilm mode of growth against the host immune system and antimicrobial therapy. Adhesion is an important step in biofilm formation, influenced, among other factors, by the surface hydrophobicities and charges of both the substratum and the adhering microorganisms. Enterococcus faecalis strains generally display subpopulations with different surface charges, expressed as bimodal zeta potential distributions. Two-thirds of E. faecalis strains isolated from clogged biliary stents displayed such heterogeneity of surface charges in culture. In this study, the influence of this culture heterogeneity on initial adhesion and subsequent biofilm formation was investigated. Heterogeneous strains were retained in higher numbers on polystyrene than homogeneous strains. Also, biofilm formation was much more pronounced for heterogeneous strains than for homogeneous strains. In a population enriched to display only one subpopulation, fewer bacteria were retained than in its original heterogeneous culture. Also, the enriched subpopulation formed less biofilm than its original heterogeneous culture. The presence of ox bile during adhesion resulted in fewer retained bacteria, although heterogeneous strains were still retained in significantly higher numbers than were homogeneous strains, and, in general, the presence of ox bile reduced biofilm formation. The initial adhesion and biofilm formation were independent of the presence of the gene encoding the enterococcal surface protein (esp) or the expression of gelatinase (GelE). It is concluded that heterogeneity in cell surface charge represents an advantage for bacteria in the colonization of surfaces.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV Groningen, The Netherlands. Phone: 31-50-3633140. Fax: 31-50-3633159. E-mail: b.p.krom{at}med.umcg.nl.

Journal of Bacteriology, April 2006, p. 2421-2426, Vol. 188, No. 7
0021-9193/06/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JB.188.7.2421-2426.2006
Copyright © 2006, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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