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Journal of Bacteriology, June 2007, p. 4275-4289, Vol. 189, No. 11
0021-9193/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JB.00081-07
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Anaerobic Gene Expression in Staphylococcus aureus{triangledown} ,{dagger}

Stephan Fuchs, Jan Pané-Farré, Christian Kohler, Michael Hecker, and Susanne Engelmann*

Institut für Mikrobiologie, Jahnstrasse 15, 17487 Greifswald, Germany

Received 16 January 2007/ Accepted 16 March 2007

An investigation of gene expression in Staphylococcus aureus after a switch from aerobic to anaerobic growth was initiated by using the proteomic and transcriptomic approaches. In the absence of external electron acceptors like oxygen or nitrate, an induction of glycolytic enzymes was observed. At the same time the amount of tricarboxylic acid cycle enzymes was very low. NAD is regenerated by mixed acid and butanediol fermentation, as indicated by an elevated synthesis level of fermentation enzymes like lactate dehydrogenases (Ldh1 and Ldh2), alcohol dehydrogenases (AdhE and Adh), {alpha}-acetolactate decarboxylase (BudA1), acetolactate synthase (BudB), and acetoin reductase (SACOL0111) as well as an accumulation of fermentation products as lactate and acetate. Moreover, the transcription of genes possibly involved in secretion of lactate (SACOL2363) and formate (SACOL0301) was found to be induced. The formation of acetyl-coenzyme A or acetyl-phosphate might be catalyzed by pyruvate formate lyase, whose synthesis was found to be strongly induced as well. Although nitrate was not present, the expression of genes related to nitrate respiration (NarH, NarI, and NarJ) and nitrate reduction (NirD) was found to be upregulated. Of particular interest, oxygen concentration might affect the virulence properties of S. aureus by regulating the expression of some virulence-associated genes such as pls, hly, splC and splD, epiG, and isaB. To date, the mechanism of anaerobic gene expression in S. aureus has not been fully characterized. In addition to srrA the mRNA levels of several other regulatory genes with yet unknown functions (e.g., SACOL0201, SACOL2360, and SACOL2658) were found to be upregulated during anaerobic growth, indicating a role in the regulation of anaerobic gene expression.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Institut für Mikrobiologie, Ernst Moritz Arndt Universität, F. L. Jahn Str. 15, D-17487 Greifswald, Germany. Phone: 49 3834 864227. Fax: 49 3834 864202. E-mail: Susanne.Engelmann{at}uni-greifswald.de

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 23 March 2007.

{dagger} Supplemental material for this article may be found at http://jb.asm.org/.

Journal of Bacteriology, June 2007, p. 4275-4289, Vol. 189, No. 11
0021-9193/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JB.00081-07
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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