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Journal of Bacteriology, October 2007, p. 7098-7104, Vol. 189, No. 19
0021-9193/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JB.00643-07
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Origins of Flagellar Gene Operons and Secondary Flagellar Systems{triangledown} ,{dagger}

Renyi Liu1 and Howard Ochman1,2*

Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics,1 Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 857212

Received 24 April 2007/ Accepted 12 July 2007

Forty-one flagellated species representing 11 bacterial phyla were used to investigate the origin of secondary flagellar systems and the structure and formation of flagellar gene operons over the course of bacterial evolution. Secondary (i.e., lateral) flagellar systems, which are harbored by five of the proteobacterial species considered, originated twice, once in the alphaproteobacterial lineage and again in the common ancestor of the Beta- and Gammaproteobacteria. The order and organization of flagellar genes have undergone extensive shuffling and rearrangement among lineages, and based on the phylogenetic distributions of flagellar gene complexes, the flagellar gene operons existed as small, usually two-gene units in the ancestor of Bacteria and have expanded through the recruitment of new genes and fusion of gene units. In contrast to the evolutionary trend towards larger flagellar gene complexes, operon structures have been highly disrupted through gene disassociation and rearrangements in the Epsilon- and Alphaproteobacteria. These results demonstrate that the genetic basis of this ancient and structurally conserved organelle has been subject to many lineage-specific modifications.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biophysics, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721. Phone: (520) 626-8355. Fax: (520) 621-3709. E-mail: hochman{at}arizona.edu

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 20 July 2007.

{dagger} Supplemental material for this article may be found at http://jb.asm.org/.

Journal of Bacteriology, October 2007, p. 7098-7104, Vol. 189, No. 19
0021-9193/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JB.00643-07
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.





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