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Journal of Bacteriology, April 2007, p. 3256-3270, Vol. 189, No. 8
0021-9193/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JB.01768-06
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Complete Genome Sequence of the Prototype Lactic Acid Bacterium Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris MG1363{triangledown}

Udo Wegmann,1,§ Mary O'Connell-Motherway,2,§ Aldert Zomer,3,{dagger},§ Girbe Buist,3,{ddagger} Claire Shearman,1 Carlos Canchaya,2 Marco Ventura,2 Alexander Goesmann,4 Michael J. Gasson,1* Oscar P. Kuipers,3* Douwe van Sinderen,2 and Jan Kok3*

Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, Norwich, NR4 7UA, United Kingdom,1 Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre and Department of Microbiology, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland,2 Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Haren, 9751 NN, The Netherlands,3 Center for Biotechnology, Bioinformatics Resource Facility, Universität Bielefeld, 33594 Bielefeld, Germany4

Received 21 November 2006/ Accepted 6 February 2007

Lactococcus lactis is of great importance for the nutrition of hundreds of millions of people worldwide. This paper describes the genome sequence of Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris MG1363, the lactococcal strain most intensively studied throughout the world. The 2,529,478-bp genome contains 81 pseudogenes and encodes 2,436 proteins. Of the 530 unique proteins, 47 belong to the COG (clusters of orthologous groups) functional category "carbohydrate metabolism and transport," by far the largest category of novel proteins in comparison with L. lactis subsp. lactis IL1403. Nearly one-fifth of the 71 insertion elements are concentrated in a specific 56-kb region. This integration hot-spot region carries genes that are typically associated with lactococcal plasmids and a repeat sequence specifically found on plasmids and in the "lateral gene transfer hot spot" in the genome of Streptococcus thermophilus. Although the parent of L. lactis MG1363 was used to demonstrate lysogeny in Lactococcus, L. lactis MG1363 carries four remnant/satellite phages and two apparently complete prophages. The availability of the L. lactis MG1363 genome sequence will reinforce its status as the prototype among lactic acid bacteria through facilitation of further applied and fundamental research.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Kerklaan 30, 9751 NN Haren, The Netherlands. Phone: 31 50 363 2111. Fax: 31 50 363 2348. E-mail: jan.kok{at}rug.nl

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 16 February 2007.

{dagger} Present address: Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre and Department of Microbiology, National University of Ireland, Cork, Ireland.

{ddagger} Present address: Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), Groningen, The Netherlands.

§ U.W., M.O.-M., and A.Z. contributed equally to this work.

Journal of Bacteriology, April 2007, p. 3256-3270, Vol. 189, No. 8
0021-9193/07/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JB.01768-06
Copyright © 2007, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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