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Journal of Bacteriology, January 2008, p. 727-735, Vol. 190, No. 2
0021-9193/08/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JB.01295-07
Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Genome Sequence of Lactobacillus helveticus, an Organism Distinguished by Selective Gene Loss and Insertion Sequence Element Expansion{triangledown} ,{dagger}

Michael Callanan,1 Pawel Kaleta,1 John O'Callaghan,1 Orla O'Sullivan,1 Kieran Jordan,1 Olivia McAuliffe,1 Amaia Sangrador-Vegas,1 Lydia Slattery,1 Gerald F. Fitzgerald,2 Tom Beresford,1* and R. Paul Ross1,2

Teagasc, Moorepark Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, County Cork, Ireland,1 Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Cork, Ireland2

Received 10 August 2007/ Accepted 28 October 2007

Mobile genetic elements are major contributing factors to the generation of genetic diversity in prokaryotic organisms. For example, insertion sequence (IS) elements have been shown to specifically contribute to niche adaptation by promoting a variety of genetic rearrangements. The complete genome sequence of the cheese culture Lactobacillus helveticus DPC 4571 was determined and revealed significant conservation compared to three nondairy gut lactobacilli. Despite originating from significantly different environments, 65 to 75% of the genes were conserved between the commensal and dairy lactobacilli, which allowed key niche-specific gene sets to be described. However, the primary distinguishing feature was 213 IS elements in the DPC 4571 genome, 10 times more than for the other lactobacilli. Moreover, genome alignments revealed an unprecedented level of genome stability between these four Lactobacillus species, considering the number of IS elements in the L. helveticus genome. Comparative analysis also indicated that the IS elements were not the primary agents of niche adaptation for the L. helveticus genome. A clear bias toward the loss of genes reported to be important for gut colonization was observed for the cheese culture, but there was no clear evidence of IS-associated gene deletion and decay for the majority of genes lost. Furthermore, an extraordinary level of sequence diversity exists between copies of certain IS elements in the DPC 4571 genome, indicating they may represent an ancient component of the L. helveticus genome. These data suggest a special unobtrusive relationship between the DPC 4571 genome and its mobile DNA complement.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Moorepark Food Research Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland. Phone: 353 25 42304. Fax: 353 25 42340. E-mail: tom.beresford{at}teagasc.ie

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 9 November 2007.

{dagger} Supplemental material for this article may be found at http://jb.asm.org/.

Journal of Bacteriology, January 2008, p. 727-735, Vol. 190, No. 2
0021-9193/08/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JB.01295-07
Copyright © 2008, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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