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Journal of Bacteriology, February 2009, p. 1180-1190, Vol. 191, No. 4
0021-9193/09/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JB.01058-08
Copyright © 2009, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.

Complete Genome Sequence of Macrococcus caseolyticus Strain JSCS5402, Reflecting the Ancestral Genome of the Human-Pathogenic Staphylococci{triangledown}

Tadashi Baba,1* Kyoko Kuwahara-Arai,1 Ikuo Uchiyama,2 Fumihiko Takeuchi,3 Teruyo Ito,1 and Keiichi Hiramatsu1

Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Science, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan,1 National Institute for Basic Biology, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Nishigonaka 38, Myodaiji, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan,2 Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom3

Received 30 July 2008/ Accepted 3 December 2008

We isolated the methicillin-resistant Macrococcus caseolyticus strain JCSC5402 from animal meat in a supermarket and determined its whole-genome nucleotide sequence. This is the first report on the genome analysis of a macrococcal species that is evolutionarily closely related to the human pathogens Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus anthracis. The essential biological pathways of M. caseolyticus are similar to those of staphylococci. However, the species has a small chromosome (2.1 MB) and lacks many sugar and amino acid metabolism pathways and a plethora of virulence genes that are present in S. aureus. On the other hand, M. caseolyticus possesses a series of oxidative phosphorylation machineries that are closely related to those in the family Bacillaceae. We also discovered a probable primordial form of a Macrococcus methicillin resistance gene complex, mecIRAm, on one of the eight plasmids harbored by the M. caseolyticus strain. This is the first finding of a plasmid-encoding methicillin resistance gene. Macrococcus is considered to reflect the genome of ancestral bacteria before the speciation of staphylococcal species and may be closely associated with the origin of the methicillin resistance gene complex of the notorious human pathogen methicillin-resistant S. aureus.

* Corresponding author. Mailing address: Department of Microbiology and Infection Control Science, Juntendo University, 2-1-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan. Phone: 81-3 580 21041. Fax: 81-3-5684-7830. E-mail: tbaba{at}juntendo.ac.jp

{triangledown} Published ahead of print on 12 December 2008.

Journal of Bacteriology, February 2009, p. 1180-1190, Vol. 191, No. 4
0021-9193/09/$08.00+0     doi:10.1128/JB.01058-08
Copyright © 2009, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved.



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