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J. Bacteriol. doi:10.1128/JB.01688-06
Copyright (c) 2006, American Society for Microbiology and/or the Listed Authors/Institutions. All Rights Reserved.

Diversity of the abundant pKLC102/PAGI-2 family of genomic islands in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Klinische Forschergruppe, OE 6711, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, D-30625 Hannover, Germany

^* To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: tuemmler.burkhard{at}mh-hannover.de.

	Abstract

The known genomic islands of Pseudomonas aeruginosa clone C strains integrated into tRNA^Lys (pKLC102) or tRNA^Gly genes (PAGI-2, PAGI-3) and differ from their core genomes by distinctive tetranucleotide usage patterns. pKLC102 and the related island PAPI-1 from P. aeruginosa PA14 were spontaneously mobilized from their host chromosomes at frequencies of 3% and 0.3% thus making pKLC102 the most mobile genomic island known to date with a copy number of 10-30 episomal circular pKLC102 molecules per cell. The incidence of islands of the pKLC102/PAGI-2 type was investigated in 71 unrelated P. aeruginosa strains of diverse habitats and geographic origin. pKLC102- and PAGI-2-like islands were identified in 50 and 31 strains, respectively, whereby 15 and 10 subtypes were differentiated by hybridization on pKLC102 and PAGI-2 macroarrays. The diversity of PAGI-2 type islands was mainly caused by one large block of strain-specific genes, whereas the diversity of pKLC102 type islands was primarily generated by subtype-specific combination of gene cassettes. Chromosomal loss of PAGI-2 could be documented in sequential P. aeruginosa isolates from individuals with cystic fibrosis. PAGI-2 was present in most tested Cupriavidus metallidurans and C. campinensis isolates from polluted environments thus demonstrating the spread of PAGI-2 across habitats and species barriers. The pKLC102/PAGI-2 family is prevalent in numerous beta and gamma proteobacteria and characterized by high asymmetry of the complementary DNA strands. This evolutionarily ancient family of genomic islands retained its oligonucleotide signature during horizontal spread within and among taxa.

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