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J. Bacteriol. doi:10.1128/JB.01768-06
Copyright (c) 2007, American Society for Microbiology and/or the Listed Authors/Institutions. All Rights Reserved.

The complete genome sequence of the lactic acid bacterial paradigm Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris MG1363

Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Colney, NORWICH, NR4 7UA, U.K.; Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre and Department of Microbiology, National University of Ireland, CORK, Ireland; University of Groningen, Department of Molecular Genetics, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences & Biotechnology Institute, HAREN, 9751 NN, The Netherlands; Universität Bielefeld, Center for Biotechnology, Bioinformatics Resource Facility, 33594 Bielefeld, Germany

^* To whom correspondence should be addressed. Email: mike.gasson{at}bbsrc.ac.uk. o.p.kuipers{at}rug.nl. d.vansinderen{at}ucc.ie. jan.kok{at}rug.nl.

	Abstract

Lactococcus lactis is of eminent importance for the nutrition of hundreds of millions of people worldwide. This paper describes the genome sequence of L. lactis subsp. cremoris MG1363, the lactococcal strain most intensively studied throughout the world. The 2,529,478-base-pairs genome contains 81 pseudogenes and encodes 2436 proteins. Of the 530 unique proteins, 47 belong to the COG functional category "Carbohydrate metabolism and transport", by far the largest category of novel proteins in comparison with L. lactis subsp. lactis IL1403. Nearly one-fifth of the 71 IS elements are concentrated in a specific 56-kb region. This integration hotspot region carries genes that are typically associated with lactococcal plasmids, and a repeat sequence specifically found on plasmids and in the ‘lateral gene transfer hotspot’ in the genome of Streptococcus thermophilus. Although the parent of L. lactis MG1363 was used to demonstrate lysogeny in Lactococcus, L. lactis MG1363 carries four remnant/satellite phages and two apparently complete prophages. The availability of the L. lactis MG1363 genome sequence will reinforce its status as the paradigm among lactic acid bacteria through facilitation of further applied and fundamental research.

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