Characterization of VPI Pathogenicity Island and CTXφ Prophage in Environmental Strains of Vibrio cholerae

ABSTRACT

Environmental isolates of Vibrio cholerae of eight randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) fingerprint types from Calcutta, India, that were unusual in containing toxin-coregulated pilus or cholera toxin genes but not O1 or O139 antigens of epidemic strains were studied by PCR and sequencing to gain insights intoV. cholerae evolution. We found that each isolate contained a variant form of the VPI pathogenicity island. Distinguishing features included (i) four new alleles oftcpF (which encodes secreted virulence protein; its exact function is unknown), 20 to 70% divergent (at the protein level) from each other and canonical tcpF; (ii) a new allele oftoxT (virulence regulatory gene), 36% divergent (at the protein level) in its 5′ half and nearly identical in its 3′ half to canonical toxT; (iii) a new tcpA (pilin) gene; and (iv) four variant forms of a regulatory sequence upstream oftoxT. Also found were transpositions of an IS903-related element and function-unknown genes to sites in VPI. Cholera toxin (ctx) genes were found in isolates of two RAPD types, in each case embedded in CTXφ-like prophages. Fragments that are inferred to contain only putative repressor, replication, and integration genes were present in two other RAPD types. New possible prophage repressor and replication genes were also identified. Our results show marked genetic diversity in the virulence-associated gene clusters found in some nonepidemic V. cholerae strains, suggest that some of these genes contribute to fitness in nature, and emphasize the potential importance of interstrain gene exchange in the evolution of this species.