Functional Characterization of Bacterial Oligosaccharyltransferases Involved in O-Linked Protein Glycosylation

Bacterial strains, plasmids, and growth conditions.The bacterial strains and plasmids used in this study are listed in Table 1. E. coli and P. aeruginosa 1244 cells were grown on Luria-Bertani medium at 37°C. Trimethoprim (100 μg/ml), tetracycline (20 μg/ml), spectinomycin (80 μg/ml), chloramphenicol (20 μg/ml), kanamycin (50 μg/ml), and ampicillin (100 μg/ml) were included in the medium when required.

Subcloning and expression of P. aeruginosa 1244 pilin and PilO.The pilA gene encoding the P. aeruginosa 1244 pilin protein was amplified by PCR with oligonucleotides PilAEcoRI (5′-AAGAATTCATGAAAGCTCAGAAGGGTTTTAC-3′) and PilABamHI (5′-AAGGATCCTTAGGATTTCGGGCAATTAGC-3′) by using Pfu DNA polymerase and pPAC46 (Table 1) as the template. The PCR product was cut with EcoRI and BamHI and inserted into the same sites of vector pEXT20 to create pAMF1. PilA expression was under the control of the P_tac promoter, inducible with IPTG (isopropyl-β-d-thiogalactopyranoside). PilA expression was detected by Western blotting as explained below. To obtain a plasmid expressing pilO under an arabinose-inducible promoter, pPAC46 was cut with PsuI and HindIII. The DNA fragment carrying the complete sequence of pilO and a 3′ fraction of pilA was ligated into the BamHI and HindIII sites of pSPORT1, resulting in the plasmid pDOM2. pDOM2 was cut with KpnI and HindIII, and the fragment was inserted into the same sites of vector pMLBAD to yield pDOM3 (Table 1).

Cloning and expression of MC pilin and PglL.The pilE gene encoding the pilin protein was amplified from the genomic DNA of MC strain MC58 by using Pfu DNA polymerase and oligonucleotides PilEEcoRI (5′-AAAGAATTCATGAACACCCTTCAAAAAGGTTTTACCCTTATCGAGC-3′) and PilEHindIII (5′-TTTAAGCTTTTAGCTGGCATCACTTGCGTCGCGGCAGGTTGACG-3′). The PCR product was cut with EcoRI and HindIII and cloned into the same sites of pEXT20 and pEXT21 to construct pAMF3 and pAMF6, respectively. The pglL gene was amplified by PCR with oligonucleotides PglLEcoRI (5′-AAAGAATTCATGCCCGCTGAAACGACCGTATCCGGCGCGC) and PglLHindIII-His (5′-TTTAAGCTTTCAGTGGTGGTGGTGGTGGTGGTGGTGGTGGTGTTTGCAGGGTTTTGCTTCCGGATGACCGGGC-3′) by using Vent DNA polymerase (New England Biolabs) with MC strain MC58 as the template. PglL carries a His₁₀ tag at the C terminus. The PCR product was cut with EcoRI and HindIII and inserted into the same site of pSPORT1 to produce pAMF4. pAMF4 was cut with EcoRI and HindIII, and the fragment containing the pglL gene was ligated into the same site of pEXT22 to create pAMF5. pAMF14 was constructed as follows: C-His₆-tagged MC pilin was amplified with pAMF3 as the template by using Pfu DNA polymerase and oligonucleotides PilEEcoRI and PilESalI-His (5′-AATCCAGTCGACTTAGTGGTGGTGGTGGTGGTGGCTGGCATCACTTGCGTCGCGGCAGGTTGACG-3′). The PCR product was cut with EcoRI and SalI and inserted into the same sites of pEXT21 to construct pAMF14. All of the plasmids were IPTG inducible.

Western blot analysis.Western blot analyses were carried out as described previously (2). The presence of proteins on nitrocellulose membranes was detected with diverse antibodies and/or lectins. Polyclonal anti-P. aeruginosa pilin was kindly provided by Peter Castric (Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, PA). Monoclonal SM1 (41) antibody against MC pilin was provided by Momtaz Virji (University of Bristol, United Kingdom). R12 antiserum was provided by Markus Aebi (ETH, Zurich, Switzerland).

Site-directed mutagenesis.PilE mutants T62A and S63A were generated by using Pfu DNA polymerase and pAMF3 as a template according to the method described previously by Fisher and Pei (14). Mutagenesis was confirmed by DNA sequencing. Oligonucleotide sequences used for mutagenesis were 5′-CCCGGCAACAACGCCTCTGCCGGCG-3′ for T62A and T62A_S, 5′-CGCCGGCAGAGGCGTTGTTGCCGGG-3′ for T62A_As, 5′-CCCGGCAACAACACTGCCGCCGGCGTG-3′ for S63A and S63A_S, and (5′-CACGCCGGCGGCAGTGTTGTTGCCGGG-3′ for S63A_As. The mutated codons are underlined in the oligonucleotide sequences. The expression of both mutants was confirmed by Western blot analysis using SM1 monoclonal antibody.

LPS preparation and detection.Whole-cell lysates in sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) loading buffer were digested overnight with proteinase K at 50°C. A protein-free sample was applied to 15% SDS-PAGE and electroblotted onto a nitrocellulose membrane. A Far Western blotting technique using STL3 lectin (recognizing rhamnose), anti-STL3 polyclonal antibody, and anti-rabbit antibody conjugated with peroxidase was employed to detect O7 LPS variants. STL3 lectin was kindly provided by Koji Muramoto (Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan) (39).

Purification of glycosylated pilin.Pilin from the MC58 strain (encoded by the pilE gene) glycosylated with the C. jejuni glycan was produced in E. coli SCM3 transformed with pAMF5, pAMF14 (expressing C-terminally His₆-tagged pilE, Table 1), and pACYCpglB_mut. IPTG (0.5 mM) was added to the cultures, and cells were harvested at stationary phase. Pellets were washed with 30 mM Tris-HCl buffer (pH 8.0) containing 0.3 M NaCl (buffer 1) and resuspended in the same buffer containing Complete EDTA-free protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche). Cells were disrupted by French press and centrifuged at 10,000 × g for 10 min to remove cell debris. Membranes were separated by ultracentrifugation (200,000 × g for 2 h) and resuspended in buffer 1 containing 2% n-dodecyl-β-d-maltoside (buffer 2). The suspension was centrifuged (200,000 × g for 1 h), and then imidazole was added to the supernatant at a final concentration of 20 mM. The solution was applied to a Ni-nitrilotriacetic acid agarose column (QIAGEN) equilibrated previously with buffer 2 (containing 20 mM imidazole) and washed with the same buffer to remove unbound proteins. The bound proteins were eluted from the column by using buffer 2 (containing 250 mM imidazole). The eluate was dialyzed overnight at 4°C in 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.5, containing 10 mM NaCl, 1 mM dithiothreitol (DTT), and 0.8% n-dodecyl-β-d-maltoside (buffer 3). Protein solutions were applied to an soybean agglutinin (SBA)-agarose column (Vector Labs) equilibrated by buffer 3. Unbound proteins were removed by washing the column with buffer 3, and proteins were eluted with buffer 3 containing 0.5 M d-galactose. Protein fractions were collected and kept at −20°C. P. aeruginosa 1244 pilin (PilA) glycosylated with C. jejuni glycan was produced by E. coli CLM24 transformed with pPAC46 and pACYCpglB_mut. Glycosylated P. aeruginosa 1244 pilin was purified using SBA agarose as described above.

In-gel pilin digestion.In-gel digestion of pilins was carried out by following a protocol of Shevchenko et al. (34) with slight modifications. In brief, purified glycosylated pilins were run on a 15% SDS-PAGE gel and stained with Coomassie blue. Protein bands corresponding to glycosylated pilins were cut out. Gel pieces were washed with water and repetitively dehydrated and rehydrated by incubation with acetonitrile (100%) and acetonitrile-water 1:1 (vol/vol). Pilins were reduced by the addition of 10 mM DTT in 50 mM ammonium bicarbonate, and thiol groups were alkylated with 50 mM iodoacetamide in 50 mM ammonium bicarbonate. Subsequently, pilins were digested with different proteases, proteinase K (Roche), thermolysin (Calbiochem), or modified trypsin (Promega), as indicated. Peptides eluted from the gel pieces were desalted by ZipTip_C18 (Millipore) according to the protocol of the supplier. Desalted peptides were dried by SpeedVac, dissolved in 0.1% formic acid in water, and used for mass spectrometry (MS) analyses.

Nano-liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization MS and MS/MS analysis.Peptides obtained from protease hydrolysis were analyzed using a hybrid quadrupole orthogonal acceleration time-of-flight mass spectrometer, Q-TOF Premier (Waters), equipped with a nanoACQUITY Ultra performance liquid chromatography system (Waters). Briefly, 2 μl of the peptide solution was injected into a microprecolumn C₁₈ cartridge that was connected to a 75-μm (inside diameter) by 150-mm Atlantis dC₁₈ column (Waters). Solvent A consisted of 0.1% formic acid and 1% acetonitrile in water, and solvent B consisted of 0.1% formic acid and 1% water in acetonitrile. After a 2-min trap wash in the precolumn with solvent A at a flow rate of 10 μl/min, peptides were separated by using a solvent gradient and electrosprayed into the mass spectrometer at a flow rate of 300 nl/min. The collision energy used to perform MS/MS was varied according to the mass and charge state of the eluting peptide ions. The instrument was calibrated, and data acquisition was performed as described previously (46). The data analysis was carried out using MassLynx (Waters; MassLynx, version 4.1).

Functional expression of PilO in E. coli.To test the functionality of PilO from P. aeruginosa 1244 in E. coli, we expressed this enzyme in the presence of its cognate pilin and an Und-PP-glycan substrate in the CLM24 strain (Table 1). Like most of the E. coli K-12 strains, CLM24 does not synthesize its endogenous O antigen because of an inactivating insertion in a rhamnosyltransferase (23). Furthermore, the WaaL ligase responsible for the transfer of the O antigen to the lipid A-core has been inactivated in this strain (12). CLM24 is a convenient system for the assembly of foreign glycans because the absence of WaaL results in the accumulation of the Und-PP-linked glycans (12). DiGiandomenico et al. have shown that PilO possesses relaxed sugar specificity, being able to transfer a variety of glycans to P. aeruginosa 1244 pilin (9). In this experiment, the heptasaccharide found commonly in C. jejuni N glycoproteins (GalNAc-α1,4-GalNAc-α1,4-[Glcβ1,3-]GalNAc-α1,4-GalNAc-α1,4-GalNAc-α1,3-Bac where Bac is bacillosamine) was chosen because the enzymes required for its synthesis are all contained in a single genetic locus named pgl (45). Furthermore, the presence of the C. jejuni glycan attached to proteins can be detected by the well-characterized glycan-specific antiserum R12 (3, 19, 20, 45) and/or SBA lectin. The plasmid pACYCpglB_mut carries the pgl locus, which carries a mutation inactivating PglB, the OTase involved in protein N glycosylation in C. jejuni (45). Whole-cell extracts from CLM24 transformed with pPAC46, which carries the P. aeruginosa pilin and the PilO enzyme, in the presence and absence of pACYCpglB_mut were analyzed by Western blotting using anti-pilin antiserum (Fig. 1A). Extracts from P. aeruginosa 1244 and its pilO-deficient derivative were included as positive and negative controls, respectively (6). Because pilin and LPS contain the same sugars in P. aeruginosa, the anti-pilin antiserum also reacted with P. aeruginosa LPS (Fig. 1A, lanes 1 and 2). In E. coli cells carrying only P. aeruginosa pilin and PilO, two immunoreactive bands were detected with anti-pilin antiserum. The lower band showed the same mobility as mature pilin from the pilO mutant (Fig. 1A, lanes 2 and 3). Finlay et al. have shown that P. aeruginosa pilin expressed in E. coli is not processed completely and that the protein present is associated mainly to the inner membrane with and without its six-amino-acid leader sequence (13). Based on this finding, we assumed that the upper band corresponded to prepilin containing its signal peptide. Pilin from cells carrying P. aeruginosa pilin, PilO, and pACYCpglB_mut showed an additional band of lower electrophoretic mobility (Fig. 1A, lane 4). The same band was recognized by the glycan-specific antiserum R12 (19, 45) and SBA lectin, which recognizes GalNAc, the main component of the C. jejuni heptasaccharide (Fig. 1B), suggesting that in E. coli, P. aeruginosa pilin could be glycosylated with the C. jejuni glycan.

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FIG. 1.

Reconstitution of P. aeruginosa 1244 O glycosylation system in E. coli. (A) Western blot assay of whole-cell extracts containing unglycosylated and glycosylated P. aeruginosa (PA) 1244 pilin. Pilin was detected by using polyclonal anti-pilin antibody. Lanes: 1, P. aeruginosa 1244 expressing glycosylated pilin containing its endogenous trisaccharide; 2, P. aeruginosa 1244 pilO derivative expressing unglycosylated pilin; 3, E. coli CLM24 with pPAC46 (containing pilA-pilO); 4, E. coli CLM24 with pPAC46 and pACYCpglB_mut, which carries all the enzymes required for the assembly of the C. jejuni glycan except for PglB. WT, wild type. (B) Glycosylated P. aeruginosa pilin is recognized by the C. jejuni glycan-specific antiserum R12 (left panel) and the SBA lectin (right panel). SBA binds to GalNAc, the most abundant sugar of the C. jejuni glycan. Only lanes 3 and 4 of panel A show results of probes with antibody. (C) Whole-cell lysates of E. coli CLM24 transformed with pACYCpglB_mut, pAMF1 (expressing P. aeruginosa 1244 pilin), and pDOM3 (expressing PilO under an arabinose-dependent promoter) were analyzed by Western blotting (right panels). Extracts of cells carrying pMLBAD (empty vector) instead of pDOM3 were included as a negative control (left panels). PilA was detected by using anti-pilin polyclonal antibody (upper panels), and glycosylated pilin was detected by R12 antibody (lower panels). The arabinose concentrations (conc.) used were 0, 0.0002, 0.002, 0.02, and 0.2%. Plasmids are described in Table 1.

To verify that glycosylation was PilO dependent, plasmids pDOM3 (expressing pilO under an arabinose-inducible promoter), pAMF1 (expressing P. aeruginosa pilin), and pACYCpglB_mut (Table 1) were transformed into CLM24 cells and pilin glycosylation was analyzed by Western blotting. As a negative control, an extract of cells carrying the empty vector pMLBAD instead of pDOM3 was also analyzed. An arabinose-dependent band, also reacting with the C. jejuni glycan-specific antiserum R12, was detected only in the presence of PilO (Fig. 1C).

To define the glycan structure and glycosylation site of the P. aeruginosa pilin, we purified P. aeruginosa pilin from E. coli cells coexpressing PilO and carrying pACYCpglB_mut by affinity chromatography using SBA agarose. The purified protein was reduced by incubation with DTT, alkylated with iodoacetamide, and digested in gel with proteinase K. The resulting peptides were analyzed by MS. Two peaks matching the predicted doubly charged peptide ¹⁴⁴NCPKS¹⁴⁸ (modified with acrylamide) containing the glycan DATDH(HexNAc)₅Hex (m/z 1,012.8²⁺) or (HexNAc)₆Hex (m/z 1,000.3²⁺) were identified in the MS spectra (data not shown). These glycopeptides were subjected to collision-induced dissociation (MS/MS). The MS/MS data, presented in Fig. 2, confirmed the identity of these glycopeptides, which correspond to the C. jejuni glycan attached to the P. aeruginosa pilin peptide ¹⁴⁴NCPKS¹⁴⁸ containing either DATDH or HexNAc at the reducing end. This variability in the glycan structure was reported previously for recombinant N glycoproteins expressing the C. jejuni pgl cluster in E. coli due to activity of chromosomal-encoded WecA (45). Ser148 is the only hydroxylated amino acid in this peptide, and therefore we concluded that this amino acid is the glycosylation site in our system. This was the only glycopeptide identified in our MS analysis. The glycosylation attachment site was therefore conserved when the P. aeruginosa system was transferred into E. coli (8).

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FIG. 2.

MS/MS analysis shows glycosylation of recombinant P. aeruginosa pilin with the C. jejuni glycan at Ser148 in E. coli. MS/MS analysis of two glycopeptides matching the predicted doubly charged peptide ¹⁴⁴NCPKS¹⁴⁸ modified with acrylamide and containing the glycan DATDH(HexNAc)₅Hex (m/z 1,012.8²⁺) (upper panel) or (HexNAc)₆Hex (m/z 1,000.3²⁺) (lower panel). The fragmentation patterns of the glycopeptides are shown in the insets. The assignment of the hexoses is based on the known structure of the C. jejuni glycan (47). DATDH is 2,4-diacetimido-2,4,6-trideoxyhexopyranose. C^a represents acrylamide attached to Cys.

These experiments demonstrated that the C. jejuni glycan was transferred to P. aeruginosa pilin by PilO, which was functionally expressed in E. coli. No other P. aeruginosa protein was required for glycosylation of P. aeruginosa pilin in E. coli, demonstrating that PilO is sufficient for glycosylation. In addition, these results confirm and extend previous observations regarding the relaxed sugar specificity of PilO (9, 18). The ability of PilO to transfer a glycan containing DATDH at the reducing end has not been reported previously.

Functional expression of PglL in E. coli.In a previous study, the mutagenesis of pglL in MC resulted in pilin with altered electrophoretic mobility (31). Although no further experimental data were shown, Power et al. speculated that PglL could be the enzyme responsible for the transfer of the glycan to pilin. Supporting this hypothesis, mutagenesis of PglO, the GC PglL homologue, resulted in unglycosylated pilin in GC (1). To determine the OTase activity of PglL, we expressed it in E. coli in the absence of any other neisserial protein and analyzed the glycosylation of MC pilin encoded by the pilE gene. CLM24 cells were transformed with plasmids pAMF3, which expresses the MC pilin, and pACYCpglB_mut. Two bands, corresponding to prepilin and mature pilin, were detected in whole-cell extracts by Western blot analysis using SM1, a monoclonal antibody directed against MC pilin (Fig. 3A, lane 1). When these cells were additionally transformed with pAMF5 encoding PglL, an extra band of lower electrophoretic mobility was detected with both SM1 (41) and the C. jejuni glycan-specific antiserum R12 (Fig. 3A and B, lanes 3), indicating that pilin was glycosylated. Unglycosylated pilin was still detected in the presence of PglL, indicating that either the process is not as efficient as it is in its native host or an excess of pilin was produced under our experimental conditions. Previous work identified the MC pilin glycosylation site as being contained within the tryptic peptide ⁴⁵SAVTEYYLNHGEWPGNNTSAGVATSSEIK⁷³ (37). However, the exact site of glycosylation remained to be identified precisely (16, 25). Glycosylated MC pilin was purified by two successive affinity chromatography steps using Ni-nitrilotriacetic acid agarose and SBA agarose. The digestion of glycosylated pilin with trypsin and subsequent matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization MS analysis confirmed the previous result (data not shown). To identify the glycosylation site accurately, MC pilin was digested with thermolysin or proteinase K and the resulting peptides were analyzed by nano-liquid chromatography MS and MS/MS. The MS of thermolysin-digested MC pilin showed a doubly charged peak at m/z 1,430.0²⁺, corresponding to the peptide ⁵²LNHGEWPGNNTSAG⁶⁵ modified with the heptasaccharide DATDH(HexNAc)₅Hex. The MS/MS analysis of the glycopeptide ion at m/z 1,430²⁺ confirmed the presence of the C. jejuni glycan bound to the peptide ⁵²LNHGEWPGNNTSAG⁶⁵ (Fig. 4A). The MS of proteinase K-digested MC pilin showed a doubly charged glycopeptide peak at m/z 905.8²⁺, corresponding to ⁶³SAGVA⁶⁷ carrying the above-mentioned heptasaccharide. The MS/MS of this glycopeptide, presented in Fig. 4B, showed that the glycan was attached to the pentapeptide, in which Ser63 is the only amino acid that can be linked to a glycan. The presence of b and y fragment ions of the peptide is additional evidence to confirm the identity of the glycan carrier. From this set of experiments, we concluded that Ser63 is the site of O glycosylation in MC pilin. Supporting this conclusion, the replacement of Thr62 by Ala did not affect MC pilin glycosylation, whereas the mutagenesis of Ser63 impaired MC glycosylation severely (Fig. 3B). Interestingly, a band matching the molecular weight of glycosylated pilin was detectable in the S63A pilin mutant. This band was not detected with the antiserum R12. Whether this band corresponds to glycosylated pilin at another amino acid in this mutant is now under study. Our experiments show that the glycosylation site seems to be conserved when the MC system is transferred into E. coli.

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FIG. 3.

Reconstitution of N. meningitidis (MC) MC58 O glycosylation system in E. coli. (A) Western blot assay of whole-cell E. coli CLM24 extracts producing unglycosylated and glycosylated MC pilin. Pilin was detected by the SM1 anti-pilin monoclonal antibody (upper panel) or the C. jejuni glycan antiserum R12 (lower panel). Lanes: 1, pAMF3 (expressing MC pilin) and pAMF5 (expressing PglL); 2, pAMF3, pACYCpglB_mut, and pEXT22 (cloning vector); 3, pAMF3, pACYCpglB_mut, and pAMF5. (B) Results of analysis similar to that for panel A, showing the effects of mutations S63A and T62A on pilin glycosylation. Plasmid details are presented in Table 1. NM, N. meningitidis.

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FIG. 4.

MS/MS analysis shows glycosylation of recombinant MC pilin with the C. jejuni glycan in E. coli. (A) MS/MS spectrum of doubly charged ion at m/z 1,430.0²⁺, corresponding to the glycopeptide ⁵⁹LNHGEWPGNNTSAG⁷² modified with DATDH(HexNAc)₅Hex resulted from thermolysin digestion. (B) MS/MS spectrum of a doublely charged glycopeptide ion at m/z 905.8²⁺, corresponding to DATDH(HexNAc)5Hex attached to peptide ⁶³SAGVA⁶⁷ resulted from proteinase K digestion of MC pilin. The fragmentation patterns of the glycopeptides are shown in the insets. As shown, the common peptide fragment ions (y and b) are observed in addition to the sugar fragments and the peptide with sugar fragments. The assignment of the hexoses is based on the known structure of the C. jejuni glycan (47).

The PglL-dependent pilin glycosylation occurred in E. coli cells in the absence of any other MC protein, demonstrating that PglL possesses OTase activity and is sufficient for glycosylation. The structure of the C. jejuni heptasaccharide transferred in this experiment by PglL is different from that of the trisaccharide found in MC pilin, indicating that like PilO, PglL has relaxed sugar specificity. This finding is also supported by the ability of PglL to transfer the P. aeruginosa O11 antigen (data not shown) and the E. coli O7 antigen (see below).

Translocation of Und-PP-glycan to the periplasm is required for PilO and PglL activity.In the synthesis of O antigen, peptidoglycan, exopolysaccharides, and capsules as well as in protein N glycosylation in C. jejuni, Und-PP-substrates are translocated or “flipped” into the periplasm by flippases (29). We investigated whether the translocation of Und-PP-glycans to the periplasm is also required for pilin glycosylation. The functional expression of PilO and PglL in E. coli allowed us to study pilin glycosylation in E. coli SCM7. The E. coli SCM7 strain lacks all known flippases, and it has been used recently to characterize PglK, the flippase of the C. jejuni glycosylation system (Table 1) (3).

pPAC46 (expressing P. aeruginosa pilin and pilO) and pACYCpgl or pACYCpglK_mut (Table 1) were introduced into SCM7 cells (Fig. 5, left panels). P. aeruginosa pilin glycosylation was detected in cells carrying the intact pgl cluster, which carries a functional copy of the PglK flippase (Fig. 5, lane 3). P. aeruginosa pilin was not glycosylated in SCM7 cells carrying pACYCpglK_mut. pACYCpglK_mut contains a nonpolar mutation in the pglK gene (3). In SCM7 cells carrying pACYCpglK_mut, the translocation of Und-PP-sugars into the periplasm is impeded due to the absence of flippases (Fig. 5, lane 2). The glycosylation was restored when the pglK mutation was complemented in trans (Fig. 5, lane 4). A similar analysis was carried out for PglL (Fig. 5, right panels). PglL activity was also dependent on the presence of a functional flippase in the cells. Thus, translocation of the Und-PP-linked oligosaccharide is required for PilO and PglL glycosylation, indicating that PilO and PglL activities are localized to the periplasm.

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FIG. 5.

Translocation of lipid-linked oligosaccharides to the periplasm is a prerequisite for glycosylation. Glycosylation of MC and P. aeruginosa pilins occurs only in the presence (+) of a functional flippase, either Wzx (lanes 1), a pgl-encoded PglK (lanes 3), or a PglK encoded in trans (lanes 4). Cell extracts were analyzed by Western blotting by using antibodies directed against P. aeruginosa and MC pilins (upper panels, left and right, respectively) and the glycan specific antiserum R12 (lower panels). Left panels, CLM24 containing pPAC46 and pACYCpglB_mut (lanes 1); SCM7 transformed with plasmid pPAC46 and pACYCpglK_mut (lanes 2); SCM7 containing pPAC46 and pACYCpgl (lanes 3); SCM7 transformed with pPAC46, pACYCpglK_mut, and pCW27, expressing PglK in trans (lanes 4), and SCM7 transformed with pACYCpglK_mut and pMLBAD (cloning vector) (lanes 5). Right panels, same as left panels, except for plasmids pAMF5 and pAMF6 expressing MC pilin and PglL, respectively, instead of pPAC46. Details of the strains and plasmids are presented in Table 1. The arrows indicate the presence of LPS containing the C. jejuni oligosaccharide in the strains where a functional WaaL (ligase) and a flippase are present. −, absence of active protein.

Carbohydrate chain length preferences of PglL and PilO.Although long polysaccharides are accessible to PilO at the periplasm of P. aeruginosa 1244, only a single O antigen-repeating unit was found attached to pilin (7). By exploiting the genetic tools available in E. coli, we tested whether PglL and PilO are able to transfer polymerized E. coli O7 antigen to their respective pilins. The SΦ874 strain (Table 1) carries a deletion encompassing the complete endogenous O antigen cluster. O7 antigen can be generated in this strain by using plasmids containing the gene cluster necessary for the synthesis of E. coli O7 antigen. Three O7 antigen variants were produced using different plasmids (Fig. 6A): wild-type O7 antigen, an O antigen polymerase (wzy) mutant that produces only a single O7 subunit, and an O chain length regulator (wzz) mutant that produces an O antigen with altered length distribution (26). In the wzz mutant, short O antigen chains containing only a few repeating O antigens are more abundant than in the wild-type O antigen (Fig. 6A).

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FIG. 6.

PglL, but not PilO, transfers polysaccharides to pilin. (A) Lectin blot analysis of three different forms of E. coli O7 LPS produced in E. coli SΦ874. A lectin specific for rhamnose, one of the sugars of the O7 antigen, has been used: wild type (WT) (lane 1); wzy (polymerase) mutant (lane 2), and wzz (chain length regulator) mutant (lane 3). The numbers on the right indicate the numbers of O7-repeating units attached to lipid A-core. (B) The ability of PglL (left panel) and PilO (right panel) to transfer O7 antigen of different lengths to their respective pilins in the E. coli SCM3 strain (ligase-deficient derivative of SΦ874) was analyzed by Western blotting. MC pilins containing the three O antigen versions shown in panel A were detected by using the anti-MC pilin monoclonal antibody. PglL was able to transfer fully polymerized O7 antigen to MC pilin (lane 2). P. aeruginosa pilin containing O antigen of up to only two repeating units was detected in the wzz mutant strain (lane 8), despite the observation that O antigen containing two or more repeating units is equally abundant (panel A, lane 3). Lanes 1 to 4: pAMF5 (expressing PglL) and pAMF6 (expressing MC pilin). Additionally, lane 2 contains pJHCV32 (wild-type O7 antigen), lane 3 contains pJHCV32-134 (O7 wzy mutant), and lane 4 contains pJHCV32-136 (O7 wzz mutant). Lanes 5 to 8, pPAC46 (expressing P. aeruginosa pilin and PilO). Additionally, lane 6 contains pJHCV32, lane 7 contains pJHCV32-134, and lane 8 contains pJHCV32-136. (C) O7 antigen from the wzz mutant strain is not transferred to the S63A variant of MC pilin (lane 2). Glycosylation is not affected in the mutant T62A (lane 1). Unglycosylated (lane 3) and wild-type pilin glycosylated with the O7 antigen (lane 4) are included for comparison.

We analyzed the ability of PglL to transfer these three variants of the O7 antigen in the SCM3 strain (Table 1), a derivative of strain SΦ874 lacking the waaL gene, encoding the O antigen ligase. SCM3 accumulates Und-P-P-linked oligosaccharides. A ladder of bands, exhibiting a pattern similar to that obtained for their respective O antigens was detected with the anti-pilin monoclonal SM1 antibody (Fig. 6B, lanes 1 to 4). This result suggested that PglL was able to transfer polymerized O antigen to MC pilin. T62A and S63A MC pilin mutants were tested as glycosylation acceptors for the Wzz O7 antigen variant. The high-molecular-weight forms of pilin disappeared only when Ser63, the glycan attachment site, was mutagenized (Fig. 6C), confirming that these bands represented MC pilin variants bound to the O7 antigen at Ser63.

A similar analysis was carried out for PilO. Up to two O7 antigen subunits were transferred to P. aeruginosa pilin in the wzz O7 mutant (Fig. 6B, lane 8). O7 antigen chains containing three or more repetitive subunits were not transferred to P. aeruginosa pilin, although the wzz mutant produces similar quantities of chains containing two, three, and four O7-repeating units (Fig. 4A, lane 3). Glycosylated P. aeruginosa pilin was not detected in the wild-type O7 strain because the formation of the short chain O antigen (i.e., one or two subunits) transferable by PilO are reduced by Wzz activity. Collectively, these experiments indicate that PglL can transfer long polysaccharides of a completely different structure from the native glycan, whereas PilO activity is intrinsically restricted to O antigen molecules containing up to two repetitive subunits.