Skip to main content
  • ASM
    • Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
    • Applied and Environmental Microbiology
    • Clinical Microbiology Reviews
    • Clinical and Vaccine Immunology
    • EcoSal Plus
    • Eukaryotic Cell
    • Infection and Immunity
    • Journal of Bacteriology
    • Journal of Clinical Microbiology
    • Journal of Microbiology & Biology Education
    • Journal of Virology
    • mBio
    • Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
    • Microbiology Resource Announcements
    • Microbiology Spectrum
    • Molecular and Cellular Biology
    • mSphere
    • mSystems
  • Log in
  • My alerts
  • My Cart

Main menu

  • Home
  • Articles
    • Current Issue
    • Accepted Manuscripts
    • Archive
    • Minireviews
    • JB Special Collection
    • JB Classic Spotlights
  • For Authors
    • Submit a Manuscript
    • Scope
    • Editorial Policy
    • Submission, Review, & Publication Processes
    • Organization and Format
    • Errata, Author Corrections, Retractions
    • Illustrations and Tables
    • Nomenclature
    • Abbreviations and Conventions
    • Publication Fees
    • Ethics Resources and Policies
  • About the Journal
    • About JB
    • Editor in Chief
    • Editorial Board
    • For Reviewers
    • For the Media
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Alerts
    • RSS
    • FAQ
  • Subscribe
    • Members
    • Institutions
  • ASM
    • Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
    • Applied and Environmental Microbiology
    • Clinical Microbiology Reviews
    • Clinical and Vaccine Immunology
    • EcoSal Plus
    • Eukaryotic Cell
    • Infection and Immunity
    • Journal of Bacteriology
    • Journal of Clinical Microbiology
    • Journal of Microbiology & Biology Education
    • Journal of Virology
    • mBio
    • Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
    • Microbiology Resource Announcements
    • Microbiology Spectrum
    • Molecular and Cellular Biology
    • mSphere
    • mSystems

User menu

  • Log in
  • My alerts
  • My Cart

Search

  • Advanced search
Journal of Bacteriology
publisher-logosite-logo

Advanced Search

  • Home
  • Articles
    • Current Issue
    • Accepted Manuscripts
    • Archive
    • Minireviews
    • JB Special Collection
    • JB Classic Spotlights
  • For Authors
    • Submit a Manuscript
    • Scope
    • Editorial Policy
    • Submission, Review, & Publication Processes
    • Organization and Format
    • Errata, Author Corrections, Retractions
    • Illustrations and Tables
    • Nomenclature
    • Abbreviations and Conventions
    • Publication Fees
    • Ethics Resources and Policies
  • About the Journal
    • About JB
    • Editor in Chief
    • Editorial Board
    • For Reviewers
    • For the Media
    • For Librarians
    • For Advertisers
    • Alerts
    • RSS
    • FAQ
  • Subscribe
    • Members
    • Institutions
Plant Microbiology

The Mesorhizobium loti purB Gene Is Involved in Infection Thread Formation and Nodule Development in Lotus japonicus

Shin Okazaki, Yoshiyuki Hattori, Kazuhiko Saeki
Shin Okazaki
1Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Nara Women's University, Nara 630-8506
2Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Yoshiyuki Hattori
2Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
Kazuhiko Saeki
1Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Nara Women's University, Nara 630-8506
2Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
  • Find this author on Google Scholar
  • Find this author on PubMed
  • Search for this author on this site
  • For correspondence: ksaeki@cc.nara-wu.ac.jp
DOI: 10.1128/JB.00788-07
  • Article
  • Figures & Data
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF
Loading

ABSTRACT

The purB and purH mutants of Mesorhizobium loti exhibited purine auxotrophy and nodulation deficiency on Lotus japonicus. In the presence of adenine, only the purH mutant induced nodule formation and the purB mutant produced few infection threads, suggesting that 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide biosynthesis catalyzed by PurB is required for the establishment of symbiosis.

Nitrogen-fixing nodules are formed as a consequence of a series of signal exchanges between rhizobia and their leguminous plant hosts. Flavonoids, which are plant signal molecules, induce the expression of nodulation genes in the rhizobia, resulting in the production of host-specific lipooligosaccharide signal molecules called Nod factors (7). The Nod factors in turn induce root hair curling and cortical cell division in the host roots and the formation of infection threads (12, 20). The rhizobia then enter and travel down the root hairs, are released into the cortical cells, and differentiate into bacteroids that fix nitrogen.

Most purine auxotrophs of Rhizobium species are defective in symbiosis due to the abortion of the infection process or the formation of pseudonodules that lack bacteria. For example, a purF mutant of Rhizobium etli CFN42 bv. phaseoli, CE106, elicits pseudonodules on Phaseolus vulgaris (17). RL106 and RL110, purF and purY mutants of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae 128C56, induce small bumps lacking bacteria on Pisum sativum (16). purQ and purL mutants of Sinorhizobium (basonym, Rhizobium) fredii HH103 induce small bumps or pseudonodules on Glycine max (4, 16). ANU2861 (purM::Tn5) and ANU2866 (purY:: Tn5), mutants of the broad-host-range Rhizobium strain NGR234, are defective in nodule formation on a wide variety of legumes. These mutants elicit root hair curling and nodule meristem initiation on Macroptilium atropurpureum cv. Siratro but fail to induce full nodule formation (9, 10, 24). A possible exception has been observed in the symbiosis between Sinorhizobium meliloti and Medicago sativa: pur mutants of S. meliloti form nodules with infection threads and infected cells, although they do not fix nitrogen (Fix−) (8, 22).

The nodulation deficiency of RL106, which is a purF mutant of R. leguminosarum bv. viciae, was partially reversed by the addition of inosine or adenine to the root environment, although the nodules contained few or no bacteria (16). In many other cases, however, despite the recovery of growth, the defect in symbiosis of purine auxotrophs was not restored by the addition of purine (17, 18). By contrast, it has been reported that 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide (AICA) riboside, which is a nonphosphorylated derivative of the purine biosynthetic intermediate AICA ribonucleotide (AICAR), promoted the symbiosis of purine mutants. Similar findings have been reported in several other cases (10, 15, 16, 17).

At the outset of the current study, we noted that a deletion mutant of Mesorhizobium loti exhibited purine auxotrophy and a nonnodulating (Nod−) phenotype on the model legume Lotus japonicus. However, unlike other purine auxotrophs, the nodulation deficiency of the mutant was not restored by the application of AICA riboside. This suggested that AICA riboside does not participate in promoting nodulation in the association between M. loti and L. japonicus. However, we could not exclude an alternative explanation—namely, that M. loti is incapable of utilizing AICA riboside due to defective uptake or lack of conversion to AICAR. In the present study, we constructed purB and purH mutants, which were blocked prior to and after AICAR production, respectively. We examined their capacities for infection and nodule development to explore the involvement of AICAR in nodulation.

Genetic and nutritional characterization of deletion mutant DM002S.

We carried out systematic gene disruption experiments on M. loti MAFF303099 using an ordered cosmid library, in order to identify the genes involved in symbiosis (13). One of the mutants, DM002S, which lacked a 21.9-kbp chromosomal region encompassing the RhizoBase (http://bacteria.kazusa.or.jp/rhizobase/ ) genome coordinates 53204 and 75103, exhibited purine auxotrophy and a Nod− phenotype on L. japonicus B-129. Genetic and nutritional analysis revealed that an open reading frame with locus tag mll0079, which was similar to the purB gene of Escherichia coli and other bacteria, is responsible for purine auxotrophy and the Nod− phenotype of DM002S. purB encodes adenylosuccinate lyase (EC 4.3.2.2), which catalyzes two well-separated steps in the purine biosynthesis pathway: the conversion of 5-phosphoribosyl-5-aminoimidazole-4-N-succinocarboxamide to AICAR and the conversion of adenylosuccinate (sAMP) to AMP (Fig. 1). However, unlike other purine auxotrophs, the nodulation deficiency of the mutant was not restored by the application of AICA riboside.

FIG. 1.
  • Open in new tab
  • Download powerpoint
FIG. 1.

Purine biosynthetic pathway in M. loti. Gene annotations and reaction steps are based on information from the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG; http://www.genome.ad.jp/kegg/ ). Genes are indicated in italics. PRPP, 5-phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate; AICAr, AICA riboside; FAICAR, 5-phosphoribosyl-5-formaminoimidazole-4-carboxamide; apt, adenine phosphoribosyltransferase gene; hpt, hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase gene; xpt, xanthine phosphoribosyltransferase gene; ade, adenine deaminase gene; deoD, purine nucleoside phosphorylase gene; add, adenosine deaminase gene.

Construction of purB and purH mutants.

In order to directly address the involvement of AICAR in nodulation, we constructed purB and purH mutants which were blocked prior to and after AICAR production, respectively. A purB mutant (ML0079) was constructed by a modification of the one-step method described by Baba et al. and Datsenko and Wanner (1, 6). First, the levan sucrase-spectinomycin adenylyltransferase gene cassette (sacB-aadA) was amplified from pKS808 (13) with primers Pm4-FRT-sacB and Pm1-TRF-Adaa (Table 1) and then cloned into the pCR2.1-TOPO vector yielding template plasmid pKST001. The sacB-aadA gene cassette was further amplified from pKST001 using the primers mll0079U and mll0079L (Table 1). The resultant linear PCR products, containing short sequences homologous to mll0079 flanking the sacB-aadA gene cassette, were introduced by electroporation into E. coli DH10B harboring both cosmid 2 and plasmid pKD46 expressing lambda red recombinase; in this system, the products were recombined into the cosmid by the plasmid-encoded red recombinase. The cosmid derivative with deletion-insertion loci was confirmed by restriction digestion and PCR and transferred to M. loti MAFF303099 by conjugation. The deletion mutant ML0079 was obtained as a result of homologous recombination. The purH mutant ML4101 (Δmlr4101) was constructed similarly using cosmid 165 and the primers mlr4101U and mlr4101L (Table 1). Both mutants were confirmed by PCR and Southern blot hybridization.

View this table:
  • View inline
  • View popup
TABLE 1.

Bacterial strains, plasmids, and oligonucleotides used in this study

Both ML0079 and ML4101 failed to grow in B− minimal medium (23), and growth was restored by 0.1 mM adenine or adenosine (Table 2). Inosine restored the growth of ML4101 but not of ML0079 or DM002S, possibly due to the defective conversion of sAMP to AMP in ML0079, which is mediated by PurB (Fig. 1). Plant assays were carried out using agar slants made with B&D nitrogen-free medium (3) or a plant box (CUL-JAR300; Iwaki, Tokyo, Japan) containing sterile vermiculite watered with B&D nitrogen-free medium. Seed sterilization, germination, and plant cultivation were carried out as described previously (13). Evaluation of the numbers of bacteria colonized on the L. japonicus roots revealed poor colonization of both ML0079 and ML4101 without adenine supplementation: colonization of the root surface was 1,000-fold lower than that of wild-type MAFF303099 (Fig. 2A). With 0.1 mM or 0.5 mM adenine supplementation, colonization of the mutants on the associated roots was restored to the same level as that of the wild-type strain (Fig. 2A).

FIG. 2.
  • Open in new tab
  • Download powerpoint
FIG. 2.

Colonization, infection, and nodulation properties of wild-type and purine mutants of M. loti MAFF303099 in the presence and absence of adenine. Plants inoculated with the wild-type M. loti strain MAFF303099 are indicated by solid bars, those inoculated with ML0079 are indicated by open bars, and those inoculated with ML4101 are indicated by hatched bars. (A) Root colonization of L. japonicus roots by M. loti strains 14 days after inoculation. L. japonicus plants were inoculated with essentially the same population of each M. loti strain using inocula of approximately 3 to 5 × 106 CFU·ml−1. The roots were excised and suspended in 1 ml of 0.1% Tween 20. After agitation of the roots on a vortex mixer for 2 min at top speed, the suspension was diluted and plated on tryptone-yeast medium containing 100 μg·ml−1 phosphomycin in order to count the number of CFU per mg fresh root. (B) Numbers of infection threads observed 14 days after inoculation. (C) Numbers of nodules formed 28 days after inoculation. Mean values with standard deviations were obtained for at least eight plants.

View this table:
  • View inline
  • View popup
TABLE 2.

Growth of wild-type and purine mutants of Mesorhizobium loti MAFF303099 in B− minimal medium supplemented with purine derivatives

Infection and nodulation properties of the purB and purH mutants.

In the absence of adenine supplementation, neither ML0079 nor ML4101 induced nodule formation in L. japonicus 28 days after inoculation (Fig. 2C). With 0.1 mM or 0.5 mM adenine supplementation, plants inoculated with ML4101 formed nodules that were unpigmented (white) and smaller than those formed with the wild-type strain (Fig. 3D and E). The number of nodules on the roots inoculated with ML4101 in the presence of 0.5 mM adenine was greater than that on the roots inoculated with the wild-type strain. Inoculation with ML0079 did not produce discernible nodules, even upon supplementation with 0.5 mM adenine (Fig. 3G); however, nodule meristems were observed upon adenine supplementation (Fig. 3H).

FIG. 3.
  • Open in new tab
  • Download powerpoint
FIG. 3.

L. japonicus nodules induced by the wild-type M. loti strain MAFF303099 and purine mutants in the presence of 0.5 mM adenine. Roots and nodules were photographed 28 days after inoculation with the wild-type strain MAFF303099 (A, B, and C), ML4101 (D, E, and F), or ML0079 (G, H, and I). M. loti strains were marked by the gusA expression plasmid pFAJPcycA. Nodules were sectioned and stained (blue) with GUS staining solution (C, F, and I). Bars = 1 mm (A, D, and G), 0.5 mm (B, E, and H), and 250 μm (C, F, and I).

In order to examine the infection and the nodule-like structures induced by the M. loti strains, we constructed a constitutive gusA-expressing plasmid, pFAJPcycA. The 410-bp promoter region of the cytochrome c 2 gene (cycA) in Rhodobacter capsulatus was excised from plasmid pCHB500 (2) and inserted in the XbaI and BamHI site of the plasmid pFAJ1701 (11). The plasmid pFAJPcycA was transferred to M. loti strains by conjugation. L. japonicus roots inoculated with each pFAJPcycA-harboring strain were immersed in a β-glucuronidase (GUS) staining solution [100 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7.0), 0.50 μM K3(Fe(CN)6), 0.50 μM K4(Fe(CN)6), 0.3% Triton X-100, and 200 mg·ml−1 of 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β-d-glucuronic acid (X-Gluc)]. The roots were subjected to vacuum treatment for 15 min and incubated at 28°C overnight, and the number of infection threads was counted with a stereoscopic microscope. Without adenine supplementation, MAFF303099(pFAJPcycA) induced approximately 50 infection threads per plant 14 days after inoculation, whereas neither ML0079(pFAJPcycA) nor ML4101(pFAJPcycA) induced recognizable infection threads (Fig. 2B). Adenine clearly enhanced infection thread formation and nodulation by ML4101(pFAJPcycA) (Fig. 2B and C), while it barely affected infection thread formation by ML0079(pFAJPcycA) (Fig. 2B).

We carried out a cytological comparison of the mature nodules induced by MAFF303099(pFAJPcycA) and the nodule-like structures induced by ML4101(pFAJPcycA). Fresh nodules were embedded in Jung tissue-freezing medium (Leica Instruments, Nussloch, Germany) and sliced into 20-μm-thick sections using a cryomicrotome (CM1510; Leica Instruments GmbH, Germany). Sections were stained with the GUS staining solution and viewed through a bright-field microscope. Bright-field microscopy of transversely sectioned nodules induced by the wild-type strain revealed a structure typical of determinate nodules with a large circular central region of infected cells (Fig. 3C). The nodules induced by ML4101(pFAJPcycA) contained more vacuoles and fewer infected cells (Fig. 3F), and many contained no infected cells discernible by GUS staining. This is probably attributable to the fact that the amount of adenine delivered to the bacteria within the nodule limits the proliferation of the purine mutant, which leads to the formation of immature nodules. Alternatively, AICAR accumulating in ML4101 might cause changes in gene expression that lead to the formation of Fix− nodules, as reported for R. etli, where AICA riboside downregulates the expression of fixNOPQ (21).

While ML0079 induced root hair curling and nodule meristem formation when adenine was added (Fig. 3H), it seems to produce Nod factors under these conditions. This agrees with the fact that purine mutants of R. etli and the Rhizobium strain NGR234 also induce nodule meristems on inoculated roots (9, 17). However, infection thread formation was barely observed with ML0079(pFAJPcycA), whether or not adenine was added (Fig. 2B). In addition, no blue coloration was detected in the nodule meristems after inoculation of ML0079(pFAJPcycA) (Fig. 3I). This suggests that M. loti purB is required after meristem initiation for infection thread formation and nodule development.

We also examined the nodulation phenotype of ML0079 in the presence of both AICA riboside (0.1 or 0.5 mM) and adenine (0.5 mM). Under these conditions, however, we could not detect significant effects of AICA riboside on nodulation (data not shown). This result suggested the incapability of M. loti to utilize AICA riboside. Therefore, to explore the ability of M. loti to take up and utilize AICA riboside, we examined the effect of AICA riboside on the growth of pur mutants which were blocked prior to AICAR production. The purE mutant STM-6T01c04 (mll3809::Ω), the purD mutant STM-4T02h01 (mll7447::Ω), the purN mutant STM-18T01a05 (mll7961::Ω), and the purM mutant STM-3T01d01 (mll7962::Ω) were screened from a signature-tagged mutant library (Y. Shimoda, S. Sato, and S. Tabata, unpublished data). None of the purine mutants could grow in B− minimal medium, but growth could be restored by the application of adenine (Table 2). Although the growth level was much lower than in the case of adenine, AICA riboside could also restore the growth of pur mutants, suggesting that M. loti possesses the capabilities to take up and metabolize AICA riboside. It has been reported that R. leguminosarum 128C56 and R. fredii HH303 were less able to take up AICA riboside than R. etli CE3 and that R. fredii might be defective in metabolizing AICA riboside (16). Interestingly, AICA riboside restored infection and nodulation by the R. leguminosarum and R. fredii purine auxotrophs, even though the compound did not restore their growth effectively. It can be speculated that the uptake and/or metabolism of AICA riboside in M. loti is even less efficient or that M. loti requires a higher intracellular level of AICAR for infection than R. leguminosarum and R. fredii.

AICAR is involved in many of the physiological functions of bacteria. It is reported to affect lipopolysaccharide (LPS) production (9), and this compound affects the symbiosis between R. leguminosarum and pea plants (18). However M. loti LPS has little effect on nodule development in Lotus tenuis plants (5). Worland et al. (24) reported that purine mutants exhibited many changes in protein expression, which could be responsible for the effects on LPS biosynthesis, exopolysaccharide synthesis, and symbiotic performance. Therefore, the involvement of purine pathway intermediates in nodulation has not conclusively been established, because purine deficiency affects many biochemical pathways. Transcriptional and proteomic analysis using ML0079 and ML4101 could be useful in identifying cellular components regulated by AICAR.

In conclusion, we have presented evidence that the purB gene of M. loti is required for infection thread formation and nodule development in L. japonicus, probably because of AICAR production rather than purine nucleotide synthesis. This is the first genetic evidence that AICAR is an important factor modulating infection and nodule formation in the model legume L. japonicus.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We thank the Frontier Science Research Center of the University of Miyazaki, Japan, for supplying L. japonicus seeds. We also thank J. Michiels (Katholieke Universitet Leuven) for providing plasmid pFAJ1701 and Y. Shimoda, S. Sato, and S. Tabata (Kazusa DNA Research Institute, Kisarazu, Japan) for providing interposon mutants prior to publication.

This work was supported, in part, by a grant-in-aid for scientific research (KAKENHI) on the “Comparative Genomics” priority area from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan (to K.S.) and by a postdoctoral fellowship for research abroad from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (to S.O.).

FOOTNOTES

    • Received 21 May 2007.
    • Accepted 29 August 2007.
  • Copyright © 2007 American Society for Microbiology

REFERENCES

  1. 1.↵
    Baba, T., T. Ara, M. Hasegawa, Y. Takai, Y. Okumura, M. Baba, K. A. Datsenko, M. Tomita, B. L. Wanner, and H. Mori. 2006. Construction of Escherichia coli K-12 in-frame, single-gene knockout mutants: the Keio collection. Mol. Syst. Biol. 2 : 2006.0008.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  2. 2.↵
    Benning, C., and C. R. Somerville. 1992. Isolation and genetic complementation of a sulfolipid-deficient mutant of Rhodobacter sphaeroides. J. Bacteriol. 174 : 2352-2360.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  3. 3.↵
    Broughton, W. J., and M. J. Dilworth. 1971. Control of leghaemoglobin synthesis in snake beans. Biochem. J. 125 : 1075-1080.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  4. 4.↵
    Buendia-Claveria, A. M., A. Moussaid, F. J. Ollero, J. M. Vinardell, A. Torres, J. Moreno, A. M. Gil-Serrano, M. A. Rodriguez-Carvajal, P. Tejero-Mateo, J. L. Peart, N. J. Brewin, and J. E. Ruiz-Sainz. 2003. A purL mutant of Sinorhizobium fredii HH103 is symbiotically defective and altered in its lipopolysaccharide. Microbiology 149 : 1807-1818.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  5. 5.↵
    D'Antuono, A. L., A. Casabuono, A. Couto, R. A. Ugalde, and V. C. Lepek. 2005. Nodule development induced by Mesorhizobium loti mutant strains affected in polysaccharide synthesis. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 18 : 446-457.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  6. 6.↵
    Datsenko, K. A., and B. L. Wanner. 2000. One-step inactivation of chromosomal genes in Escherichia coli K-12 using PCR products. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97 : 6640-6645.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  7. 7.↵
    Denarie, J., F. Debelle, and J. C. Prome. 1996. Rhizobium lipo-chitooligosaccharide nodulation factors: signaling molecules mediating recognition and morphogenesis. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 65 : 503-535.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  8. 8.↵
    Dickstein, R., D. C. Scheirer, W. H. Fowle, and F. M. Ausbel. 1991. Nodules elicited by Rhizobium meliloti heme mutants are arrested at an early stage of development. Mol. Gen. Genet. 230 : 423-432.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  9. 9.↵
    Djordjevic, S. P., R. W. Ridge, H. Chen, J. W. Redmond, M. Batley, and B. G. Rolfe. 1988. Induction of pathogenic-like responses in the legume Macroptilium atropurpureum by a transposon-induced mutant of the fast-growing, broad-host-range Rhizobium strain NGR234. J. Bacteriol. 170 : 1848-1857.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  10. 10.↵
    Djordjevic, S. P., J. J. Weinman, J. W. Redmond, M. A. Djordjevic, and B. G. Rolfe. 1996. The addition of 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-riboside to nodulation-defective purine auxotrophs of NGR234 restores bacterial growth but leads to novel root outgrowths on siratro. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 9 : 114-124.
    OpenUrl
  11. 11.↵
    Dombrecht, B., J. Vanderleyden, and J. Michiels. 2001. Stable RK2-derived cloning vectors for the analysis of gene expression and gene function in gram-negative bacteria. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 14 : 426-430.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  12. 12.↵
    Fisher, R. F., and S. R. Long. 1992. Rhizobium-plant signal exchange. Nature 357 : 655-660.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  13. 13.↵
    Hattori, Y., H. Omori, M. Hanyu, N. Kaseda, E. Mishima, T. Kaneko, S. Tabata, and K. Saeki. 2002. Ordered cosmid library of the Mesorhizobium loti MAFF303099 genome for systematic gene disruption and complementation analysis. Plant Cell Physiol. 43 : 1542-1557.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  14. 14.
    Kaneko, T., Y. Nakamura, S. Sato, E. Asamizu, T. Kato, S. Sasamoto, A. Watanabe, K. Idesawa, A. Ishikawa, K. Kawashima, T. Kimura, Y. Kishida, C. Kiyokawa, M. Kohara, M. Matsumoto, A. Matsuno, Y. Mochizuki, S. Nakayama, N. Nakazaki, S. Shimpo, M. Sugimoto, C. Takeuchi, M. Yamada, and S. Tabata. 2000. Complete genome structure of the nitrogen-fixing symbiotic bacterium Mesorhizobium loti. DNA Res. 7 : 331-338.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  15. 15.↵
    Newman, J. D., B. W. Schultz, and K. D. Noel. 1992. Dissection of nodule development by supplementation of Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar phaseoli purine auxotrophs with 4-aminoimidazole-5-carboxamide riboside. Plant Physiol. 99 : 401-408.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  16. 16.↵
    Newman, J. D., R. J. Diebold, B. W. Schultz, and K. D. Noel. 1994. Infection of soybean and pea nodules by Rhizobium spp. purine auxotrophs in the presence of 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside. J. Bacteriol. 176 : 3286-3294.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  17. 17.↵
    Noel, K. D., R. J. Diebold, J. R. Cava, and B. A. Brink. 1988. Rhizobial purine and pyrimidine auxotrophs: nutrient supplementation, genetic analysis, and the symbiotic requirement for de novo purine biosynthesis. Arch. Microbiol. 149 : 499-506.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  18. 18.↵
    Perotto, S., N. J. Brewin, and E. L. Kannenberg. 1994. Cytological evidence for a host defense response that reduces cell and tissue invasion in pea nodules by lipopolysaccharide-defective mutants of R. leguminosarum strain 3841. Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 7 : 99-112.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  19. 19.
    Saeki, K., and H. Kouchi. 2000. The Lotus symbiont, Mesorhizobium loti: molecular genetic techniques and application. J. Plant Res. 113 : 457-465.
    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
  20. 20.↵
    Schultze, M., and A. Kondorosi. 1998. Regulation of symbiotic root nodule development. Annu. Rev. Genet. 32 : 33-57.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
  21. 21.↵
    Soberon, M., O. Lopez, J. Miranda, M. L. Tabche, and C. Morera. 1997. Genetic evidence for 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) as a negative effector of cytochrome terminal oxidase cbb3 production in Rhizobium etli. Mol. Gen. Genet. 254 : 665-673.
    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
  22. 22.↵
    Swamynathan, S. K., and A. Singh. 1992. Rhizobium meliloti purine auxotrophs are nod + but defective in nitrogen fixation. J. Genet. 71 : 11-22.
    OpenUrl
  23. 23.↵
    Uchiumi, T., T. Ohwada, M. Itakura, H. Mitsui, N. Nukui, P. Dawadi, T. Kaneko, S. Tabata, T. Yokoyama, K. Tejima, K. Saeki, H. Omori, M. Hayashi, T. Maekawa, R. Sriprang, Y. Murooka, S. Tajima, K. Simomura, M. Nomura, A. Suzuki, Y. Shimoda, K. Sioya, M. Abe, and K. Minamisawa. 2004. Expression islands clustered on the symbiosis island of the Mesorhizobium loti genome. J. Bacteriol. 186 : 2439-2448.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  24. 24.↵
    Worland, S., N. Guerreiro, L. Yip, M. A. Djordjevic, J. J. Weinman, S. P. Djordjevic, and B. G. Rolfe. 1999. Rhizobium purine auxotrophs, perturbed in nodulation, have multiple changes in protein synthesis. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 26 : 511-519.
    OpenUrlCrossRef
PreviousNext
Back to top
Download PDF
Citation Tools
The Mesorhizobium loti purB Gene Is Involved in Infection Thread Formation and Nodule Development in Lotus japonicus
Shin Okazaki, Yoshiyuki Hattori, Kazuhiko Saeki
Journal of Bacteriology Oct 2007, 189 (22) 8347-8352; DOI: 10.1128/JB.00788-07

Citation Manager Formats

  • BibTeX
  • Bookends
  • EasyBib
  • EndNote (tagged)
  • EndNote 8 (xml)
  • Medlars
  • Mendeley
  • Papers
  • RefWorks Tagged
  • Ref Manager
  • RIS
  • Zotero
Print

Alerts
Sign In to Email Alerts with your Email Address
Email

Thank you for sharing this Journal of Bacteriology article.

NOTE: We request your email address only to inform the recipient that it was you who recommended this article, and that it is not junk mail. We do not retain these email addresses.

Enter multiple addresses on separate lines or separate them with commas.
The Mesorhizobium loti purB Gene Is Involved in Infection Thread Formation and Nodule Development in Lotus japonicus
(Your Name) has forwarded a page to you from Journal of Bacteriology
(Your Name) thought you would be interested in this article in Journal of Bacteriology.
CAPTCHA
This question is for testing whether or not you are a human visitor and to prevent automated spam submissions.
Share
The Mesorhizobium loti purB Gene Is Involved in Infection Thread Formation and Nodule Development in Lotus japonicus
Shin Okazaki, Yoshiyuki Hattori, Kazuhiko Saeki
Journal of Bacteriology Oct 2007, 189 (22) 8347-8352; DOI: 10.1128/JB.00788-07
del.icio.us logo Digg logo Reddit logo Twitter logo CiteULike logo Facebook logo Google logo Mendeley logo
  • Top
  • Article
    • ABSTRACT
    • Genetic and nutritional characterization of deletion mutant DM002S.
    • Construction of purB and purH mutants.
    • Infection and nodulation properties of the purB and purH mutants.
    • ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
    • FOOTNOTES
    • REFERENCES
  • Figures & Data
  • Info & Metrics
  • PDF

KEYWORDS

Bacterial Proteins
Lotus
Rhizobiaceae
Root Nodules, Plant

Related Articles

Cited By...

About

  • About JB
  • Editor in Chief
  • Editorial Board
  • Policies
  • For Reviewers
  • For the Media
  • For Librarians
  • For Advertisers
  • Alerts
  • RSS
  • FAQ
  • Permissions
  • Journal Announcements

Authors

  • ASM Author Center
  • Submit a Manuscript
  • Article Types
  • Ethics
  • Contact Us

Follow #Jbacteriology

@ASMicrobiology

       

ASM Journals

ASM journals are the most prominent publications in the field, delivering up-to-date and authoritative coverage of both basic and clinical microbiology.

About ASM | Contact Us | Press Room

 

ASM is a member of

Scientific Society Publisher Alliance

 

American Society for Microbiology
1752 N St. NW
Washington, DC 20036
Phone: (202) 737-3600

Copyright © 2021 American Society for Microbiology | Privacy Policy | Website feedback

Print ISSN: 0021-9193; Online ISSN: 1098-5530