Article Figures & Data
Figures
- FIG 1
Adaptive phenotypes in liquid static microcosms give rise to the wrinkly spreader. Shown are different colonies isolated from the culture grown in modified seawater-tryptone (MSWT; 1.0% [wt/vol] tryptone, 0.5% [wt/vol] yeast extract, 0.3% [wt/vol] glycerol, 513.3 mM NaCl, 50.0 mM MgSO4, 10.0 mM CaCl2, 10.0 mM KCl, 0.01 mM FeSO4, 10.0 mM NH4Cl, 0.33 mM K2HPO4, and 50.0 mM Tris [pH 7.5]). Transferred to agar plates, and incubated for 3 days at 28°C. Wrinkly spreader colonies have irregular, multilobed circumferences and a flattened and wrinkled surface.
- FIG 2
Distribution of genes found in the different phenotypes of Vibrio fischeri. (A) Percentages of genes categorized in the smooth and wrinkly phenotypes. Genes are grouped into 5 main categories (see Table 1 data for a complete list of genes). (B) Upregulated genes are clustered into Venn diagrams indicating the number of genes that strains share (total number of genes found = 210 for each phenotype). (C) Downregulated genes are clustered into Venn diagrams indicating the number of genes that strains share (total number of genes found = 200 for each phenotype).
- FIG 3
Summary and selection of genes implicated in smooth and wrinkly phenotypes. (A) Heat map indicating genes upregulated and downregulated. Data are shown as a colored map reflecting logarithms related to genetic changes (red areas indicate an increase in gene expression; green areas indicate a decrease in gene expression). (B) Summary of the function of selected genes. Genes are clustered in two main categories: motility processes (flagellum and pilus formation) and biological processes (luminescence, stress, and membrane transport).
- FIG 4
Validation of gene expression by transcriptome analysis. Cross threshold values (CT) of selected genes are represented for an average of 3 biological replicates and 3 technical replicates per phenotype of strain ES114.
- FIG 5
Biofilm formation of smooth spreader (SS) V. fischeri (Vf) ES114 (A) and wrinkly spreader (WS) V. fischeri ES114 (B). The following two quantitative biofilm assays were performed: metabolic XTT and crystal violet. Totals of 5 technical replicates and 3 biological assays were performed (P < 0.05).
- FIG 6
Calculation of antioxidant capacity in smooth and wrinkly V. fischeri strains. (A) Standard curve calculated in micromolar units based on the capacity with which cupric ions (Cu2+) are reduced by antioxidants to cuprous ions (Cu+); the resulting ions formed a colored complex proportional to the level of TAC in the sample. (B) The total antioxidant capacity of strains was determined by calculating the optical density of cell preparations (n = 8) divided by the standard curve slope. There was a significant difference in antioxidant capacity between strains that indicated an increase in TAC in the wrinkly variant.
Tables
- TABLE 1
Genes related to the initial stages of biofilm formation identified to be upregulated and downregulated in the wrinkly phenotype
↵a MSHA, mannose-sensitive hemagglutinin.
Supplemental material
- Supplemental file 1 -
Fig. S1 and S2
PDF, 156K
- Supplemental file 1 -
